Hydration Tips for Ski Training Athletes

Enhance Your Ski Training Performance with Strategic Hydration Techniques

Discover the Vital Advantages of Sustained Hydration for Skiers

<a href="https://limitsofstrategy.com/hydration-strategies-for-successful-long-distance-cycling/">Hydration</a> for ski training is not merely a recommendation; it is an essential element for improving athletic performance and overall health. As skiers traverse varied terrains and partake in physically demanding activities, their bodies require sufficient fluid intake to function at peak efficiency. Maintaining optimal hydration levels is crucial for maximizing athletic output, as it empowers muscles to perform efficiently, which is fundamental when executing intricate manoeuvres while skiing. Moreover, staying well-hydrated is critical for combating fatigue. Proper hydration enables the body to sustain high energy levels, which is vital for enduring extensive skiing sessions that can last several hours.

In addition to enhancing performance and endurance, hydration significantly contributes to effective recovery. After an intense day of skiing, the body requires replenishment of fluids lost to facilitate muscle repair and mitigate soreness. Inadequate hydration can hinder recovery, leaving athletes feeling lethargic and adversely affecting their training schedules. Ski training frequently occurs under diverse and sometimes extreme weather conditions, from the rugged expanses of the Rocky Mountains to the majestic vistas of the Alps, where variable weather can significantly impact the body’s hydration levels in often overlooked ways.

Therefore, whether you are racing down the slopes surrounded by the breathtaking scenery of Canada or honing your skills in the picturesque French Alps, it is imperative to recognize that proper hydration is foundational to skiing success.

The Detrimental Effects of Dehydration on Ski Performance

Dehydration acts as a silent adversary that skiers must be vigilant against. It can lead to a range of adverse consequences, including diminished endurance and an increased likelihood of muscle cramps. As the body loses fluids, blood viscosity can increase, making it harder for the heart to circulate blood effectively. This condition can result in reduced oxygen transportation to the muscles, resulting in fatigue and a significant decline in performance.

Moreover, the risks associated with dehydration extend to an increased chance of injuries while skiing. A dehydrated skier may exhibit impaired coordination, slower reaction times, and compromised decision-making skills. Whether it culminates in a minor slip or a more severe accident, dehydration can transform an enjoyable day on the slopes into a perilous experience. Common symptoms of dehydration include dry mouth, excessive fatigue, and dizziness, all of which can severely impede a skier’s performance.

The dangers associated with dehydration become even more pronounced in various skiing locales around the globe. For instance, skiing at high altitudes in the Andes or the Himalayas can intensify the effects of dehydration due to lower oxygen levels and increased fluid loss. Consequently, cultivating a strong awareness of hydration and implementing proactive hydration strategies is crucial for skiers of all skill levels.

How to Identify Signs of Adequate Hydration for Skiers

What methods can skiers use to reliably assess their hydration status? One of the simplest indicators is the colour of urine. Clear or light yellow urine typically signifies adequate hydration, while darker urine often suggests a need for more fluid intake. Additionally, the sensation of thirst should not be disregarded; experiencing thirst is a clear signal that the body is already entering a mild state of dehydration.

Another positive sign of sufficient hydration is a consistent level of energy and focus throughout training sessions. Skiers who are well-hydrated are less likely to encounter fatigue or distraction, which allows them to concentrate more effectively on their techniques and overall performance.

Monitoring hydration levels is particularly vital for skiers training in regions with fluctuating conditions. For example, skiing in the crisp, invigorating air of the Swiss Alps can be misleading; the cold environment may suppress thirst, causing many to neglect their fluid needs. Skiers should cultivate a habit of routinely assessing their hydration status throughout the day to ensure they maintain peak performance levels.

Adopting Effective Hydration Strategies Tailored for Skiers

Establishing effective hydration strategies requires thoughtful planning. For skiers, this involves creating a consistent routine of drinking water throughout the day, utilising electrolyte beverages, and diligently monitoring hydration levels before, during, and after skiing. Formulating a structured fluid intake schedule can seamlessly integrate hydration into the daily training routine.

Commencing the day with proper hydration is of utmost importance. Consuming water or sports drinks two to three hours before heading to the slopes lays a solid foundation for the day’s activities. During skiing sessions, it is equally crucial to take regular breaks to hydrate. Many skiers underestimate their fluid loss in cold weather, which can lead to dehydration by the end of the day.

Post-training rehydration is equally significant. Drinking fluids immediately after skiing not only aids recovery but also prepares the body for subsequent training sessions. Electrolyte drinks can be especially beneficial at this stage, helping to replenish fluids and essential minerals lost through sweat. By embracing these hydration strategies, skiers can maintain optimal hydration levels, ensuring peak performance and safety throughout their training.

Comprehensive Hydration Strategies for Achieving Top Skiing Performance

Essential Pre-Training Hydration Techniques Every Skier Must Implement

The foundation for a successful day on the slopes begins well before the first run. Pre-training hydration is crucial for establishing the right baseline for your skiing activities. Consuming water or sports drinks two to three hours before skiing ensures that the body is adequately hydrated. This step becomes especially critical in high-altitude locations, where the thinner air can accelerate fluid loss due to increased respiratory rates.

Incorporating an electrolyte-rich beverage can substantially enhance hydration. Electrolytes like sodium and potassium assist in fluid retention, providing a longer-lasting effect than water alone. Warm sports drinks can make hydration more appealing and enjoyable for skiers training in cold climates. Many athletes overlook this vital aspect of their training routine; neglecting pre-training hydration can lead to performance declines and heightened fatigue as the day progresses.

Moreover, hydration planning should take individual factors into account, such as body weight, sweat rates, and environmental conditions. Skiers should aim to consume around 16-20 ounces of fluid two to three hours before skiing, adjusting this intake as necessary based on personal hydration needs and physiological feedback.

Ensuring Hydration Throughout Ski Training Sessions

Staying hydrated during training is a continuous commitment. Skiing demands both stamina and focus, which can wane if the body is not sufficiently hydrated. It is essential to sip fluids regularly, particularly during breaks. Cold weather can suppress thirst, causing many skiers to underestimate their hydration requirements on the slopes.

Utilising hydration packs can facilitate easy access to fluids, enabling skiers to drink frequently without interrupting their activities. Additionally, warm beverages can be particularly effective in maintaining hydration levels in cold conditions. Skiers often sweat during vigorous runs, and while this may not be immediately evident in chilly temperatures, timely fluid replenishment remains essential.

Regularly monitoring hydration levels is crucial. Skiers should aim to sip water or a sports drink every hour during their skiing sessions. Observing urine colour and being responsive to thirst cues can provide valuable insights into hydration status. By adopting these best practices, skiers can effectively maintain hydration levels, ensuring optimal performance each day.

Rehydration Techniques Following Skiing Sessions

Replenishing lost fluids after a day on the slopes is just as important as pre-training hydration. Following skiing, the body will have lost considerable amounts of water and electrolytes, making immediate rehydration essential for recovery and preparing the body for future training sessions. To initiate the recovery process, it is advisable to consume water or a sports drink within 30 minutes of finishing skiing.

Incorporating hydrating foods into post-training meals can further enhance recovery. Foods rich in water content, such as fruits and vegetables, assist in replenishing lost fluids while delivering essential nutrients. For instance, options like watermelon, oranges, and cucumbers are excellent choices that significantly contribute to hydration efforts.

Moreover, being attentive to the body’s signals during the recovery phase is crucial. Signs of dehydration may not be readily apparent, so it is wise to continue consuming fluids throughout the evening. A general guideline suggests drinking at least 16-24 ounces of fluid within two hours of completing ski training. This mindful approach to post-training hydration ensures that skiers remain hydrated and ready for their next adventure on the slopes.

Effective Techniques for Monitoring Hydration Levels for Skiers

Monitoring hydration levels is essential for optimising performance and ensuring safety while skiing. Regularly assessing urine colour is one of the simplest yet most effective methods to gauge hydration status. Ideally, urine should appear pale yellow; darker shades indicate dehydration and the need for increased fluid intake.

Thirst cues should also be addressed promptly. The body’s natural urge for fluids is a reliable signal that hydration needs to be satisfied. Skiers must cultivate a habit of drinking fluids regularly, even when they do not feel particularly thirsty.

Keeping track of fluid intake can be immensely beneficial for those engaged in rigorous training. Maintaining a hydration log aids athletes in becoming more aware of their drinking habits and consistently meeting their hydration goals. Ultimately, being vigilant about hydration not only enhances performance but also contributes to overall well-being on the slopes.

Varied Hydration Options for Skiers: An Extensive Overview

The Indispensable Role of Water in Ski Training Hydration

Water acts as the cornerstone of hydration for any ski training program. Its fundamental role in sustaining bodily functions, regulating temperature, and transporting nutrients cannot be overstated. For skiers, water should be the primary fluid consumed during training sessions.

While skiing, water facilitates muscle contractions and helps prevent heat-related issues such as overheating, even in colder conditions. Despite the chill, skiers can sweat significantly, particularly during intense runs, making water intake critical. It is essential to remember that thirst may not always be a reliable indicator of hydration needs, especially in cooler climates. Therefore, establishing a routine of regularly drinking water is crucial.

Incorporating water into daily routines can take various forms. Carrying a reusable water bottle or hydration pack provides easy access to fluids on the slopes. Additionally, setting periodic reminders to drink water can reinforce healthy hydration habits. By prioritising water intake, skiers can remain well-hydrated, enhancing both their performance and overall enjoyment of skiing.

The Advantages of Sports Drinks for Skiers

Sports drinks offer a significant advantage for skiers engaged in intense training sessions. Unlike plain water, these beverages provide essential electrolytes and carbohydrates that help sustain energy levels and improve hydration. Sports drinks can be particularly valuable while skiing, especially in high-altitude environments or during extended training days.

The added electrolytes—sodium, potassium, and magnesium—are crucial for maintaining fluid balance and supporting muscle function. As athletes sweat, they lose these vital minerals, which can result in cramping and decreased performance if not replenished adequately. A well-formulated sports drink can mitigate these effects, enabling skiers to maintain peak performance levels.

Choosing the right sports drink is essential. Look for products with a balanced ratio of carbohydrates and electrolytes, ensuring they meet your specific needs. For instance, a drink with a higher carbohydrate content during intense training may provide the energy boost necessary for optimal performance. By incorporating sports drinks into their hydration strategy, skiers can enhance their endurance and recovery, rendering these beverages a valuable asset for training success.

The Convenience of Hydration Packs for Skiers

Hydration packs have transformed the way skiers maintain hydration on the slopes. These practical devices enable skiers to carry water effortlessly, allowing them to sip fluids without pausing for breaks. Hydration packs come in various sizes and configurations, often featuring insulated tubes to keep water from freezing in cold temperatures.

A key advantage of hydration packs is that they promote consistent fluid intake. Skiers can sip fluids throughout the day, helping to prevent dehydration before it becomes a serious concern. This convenience is particularly beneficial during long training sessions or competitions where every moment is critical.

For those skiing in diverse weather conditions, hydration packs prove invaluable. They are designed to be lightweight and comfortable, enabling skiers to focus on their performance without the burden of carrying traditional bottles. With easy access to fluids, skiers can effectively maintain hydration levels, enhancing their overall experience and performance on the slopes.

The Benefits of Using Electrolyte Tablets

Electrolyte tablets are an excellent complement to conventional hydration methods. These small, portable tablets can be dissolved in water, quickly and efficiently replenishing essential minerals lost through sweat. For skiers, especially those undergoing intense training or skiing at high altitudes, electrolyte tablets can considerably enhance hydration effectiveness.

A key advantage of electrolyte tablets is their convenience. They are lightweight, easy to transport, and can be added to any drink, making them ideal for on-the-go hydration. In colder climates, where hydration is often neglected, these tablets can serve as a reminder to stay hydrated while providing crucial nutrients.

Furthermore, incorporating electrolyte tablets can help balance fluid retention in the body. This balance is particularly important for skiers, as it can prevent cramps and support overall muscle function. By including electrolyte tablets in their hydration regimen, skiers can optimise their performance and be fully prepared to tackle any challenges on the slopes.

Understanding Hydration Challenges at High Altitudes: Essential Insights for Skiers

How Altitude Affects Hydration Needs

Skiing at high altitudes presents unique hydration challenges that skiers must navigate to maintain optimal performance. At elevations exceeding 8,000 feet, atmospheric pressure decreases, leading to increased fluid loss through respiration. As skiers take deeper breaths to compensate for lower oxygen levels, the body expels more water vapour, significantly heightening the risk of dehydration.

Moreover, altitude can amplify the effects of dehydration. Symptoms like headaches, fatigue, and dizziness can become more pronounced, making it imperative for skiers to closely monitor their hydration status. Skiers training in locations such as the Rocky Mountains or the Andes need to be particularly vigilant regarding fluid intake, as dehydration can result in diminished performance and an increased risk of altitude sickness.

Skiers should adopt proactive strategies to counteract the effects of altitude on hydration. Increasing fluid intake before and during training is essential to compensate for fluid loss at higher elevations. Being aware of individual hydration needs becomes even more critical to ensure that skiers remain hydrated and ready to confront the challenges of high-altitude skiing.

Adapting Hydration Strategies for High Altitude Skiing

Skiers must adjust their hydration strategies when training at higher altitudes to account for increased fluid loss. Vigilantly monitoring hydration levels is crucial; skiers should aim to drink more water and electrolyte-rich beverages than they would during training at lower altitudes. A general guideline suggests increasing fluid intake by at least 1-2 litres per day when skiing above 8,000 feet.

Integrating hydrating foods into meals can significantly complement fluid intake. Nutrient-dense options like fruits, vegetables, and broths can provide hydration while delivering essential nutrients. Additionally, monitoring urine colour and being responsive to thirst cues can effectively guide fluid consumption decisions.

Recognising signs of altitude-related dehydration is also crucial. Symptoms such as headaches, dizziness, and an increased urge for fluids indicate that the body requires rehydration. By remaining attuned to these signals and adjusting hydration strategies accordingly, skiers can enhance their performance and safety while enjoying the thrill of high-altitude skiing.

Identifying Symptoms of Dehydration at High Altitudes

Recognising the symptoms of altitude-related dehydration is essential for skiers aiming to maintain their health and performance on the slopes. Headaches are often one of the first signs indicating that dehydration may be occurring, particularly at high altitudes, where the risk of altitude sickness is also present.

Dizziness and increased thirst are additional critical indicators that skiers should never disregard. As the body loses fluids at an accelerated rate, it sends signals to prompt hydration; acknowledging this cue can prevent further dehydration and its associated risks.

Skiers should also remain vigilant regarding their energy levels. A sudden drop in energy or an unexpected wave of fatigue can suggest that the body is not receiving adequate hydration. This can negatively impact performance, making it more challenging to fully enjoy the skiing experience. By being attentive to these symptoms, skiers can take proactive measures to ensure they remain hydrated and ready to meet the challenges posed by high-altitude skiing.

Hydration Challenges in Cold Weather Skiing: Understanding the Impact

Recognising the Difficulties of Staying Hydrated in Cold Conditions

Cold weather presents deceptive hydration challenges for skiers. The chill in the air often suppresses the thirst response, leading many to underestimate their fluid requirements. This discrepancy can result in dehydration, even when temperatures are low. Skiers may not feel the same compulsion to drink as they would in warmer conditions, making it essential to establish a hydration plan.

The body’s physiological response to cold weather can also exacerbate fluid loss. When exposed to cold conditions, the body may enter a state of vasoconstriction to conserve heat, leading to increased fluid loss through respiration. This phenomenon can go unnoticed, leaving skiers vulnerable to dehydration while they focus on navigating the slopes.

To mitigate these challenges, skiers must implement regular hydration breaks throughout the day. Carrying insulated water bottles can ensure that fluids remain accessible and at a drinkable temperature. Skiers should also aim to consume hydrating foods like soups or stews to help meet hydration needs in colder weather.

Ensuring Quick Access to Fluids During Cold Weather Training

Ensuring that fluids are readily available is crucial for maintaining hydration during cold-weather training. Insulated containers can prevent drinks from freezing, making it easier for skiers to take quick sips without lengthy stops. Finding solutions that allow for rapid hydration is vital, especially during training sessions that require concentration and energy.

Utilising a hydration pack provides another practical solution. These packs enable skiers to drink fluids hands-free, promoting consistent hydration throughout the day. Many hydration packs come equipped with insulated tubes, helping to maintain the drink’s temperature despite the cold environment.

Planning for hydration in cold weather is essential. Skiers should create a hydration schedule and take regular sips even when not feeling thirsty. This proactive approach can prevent dehydration and ensure that skiers stay energised and focused on their training and the enjoyment of the slopes.

Monitoring Hydration Levels in Cold Conditions

Monitoring hydration levels in cold weather is particularly critical, as the subtle signs of dehydration can be easily overlooked. Skiers should routinely check their urine colour, aiming for a pale yellow shade that indicates adequate hydration. If the urine appears darker, it is evident that hydration efforts must be intensified.

Moreover, skiers should be attentive to their bodies’ signals. Increased thirst, fatigue, or headaches indicate that hydration is lacking. It is vital to consume fluids even when the urge to do so isn’t apparent, as cold weather can mask the need for hydration.

Another effective strategy is to maintain a hydration log to track fluid intake throughout the day. This practice can provide valuable insights into patterns and help skiers identify when to increase fluid consumption. By remaining diligent about hydration, skiers can overcome cold-weather challenges and maintain high performance levels.

The Essential Role of Electrolytes in Cold-Weather Hydration

Electrolytes are crucial for maintaining hydration and muscle function, particularly in cold conditions. While skiers may not sweat as much in colder weather, they still lose electrolytes through respiration and other activities. As a result, maintaining an adequate balance of these essential minerals becomes even more critical.

Incorporating electrolyte-rich drinks into hydration routines can help skiers effectively replenish lost minerals. This is especially vital if athletes are training for extended periods, as the cumulative effect of electrolyte loss can lead to cramping and fatigue.

Additionally, skiers should consider using electrolyte tablets mixed with water. These tablets provide a quick and convenient way to boost electrolyte levels while staying hydrated. This approach is particularly beneficial when skiing in colder environments, ensuring muscle function and hydration levels are maintained throughout training sessions.

Structured Hydration Strategies for Cold Weather Skiing

Creating a structured hydration strategy for cold-weather training can significantly improve slope performance and safety. Skiers should plan hydration breaks and schedule regular intervals for drinking fluids. This routine helps counteract the tendency to ignore thirst in cold conditions.

Carrying sufficient fluids is also critical. Whether using hydration packs or insulated bottles, skiers should ensure they have access to fluids throughout their training. Additionally, incorporating hydrating foods, such as fruits or soups, can effectively support hydration efforts.

Utilising warm beverages can enhance the appeal of hydration in colder weather. Hot teas or broths can offer a comforting way to consume fluids while providing additional nutrients. By planning ahead and remaining mindful of hydration needs, skiers can successfully navigate cold-weather challenges while maintaining optimal performance levels.

The Synergy Between Hydration and Nutrition for Skiers

Exploring the Connection Between Hydration and Energy Levels

Proper hydration directly influences energy levels and is crucial for sustaining performance during ski training. When adequately hydrated, the body operates more efficiently, allowing muscles to function effectively. Conversely, dehydration can lead to fatigue and decreased stamina, significantly impairing performance on the slopes.

Incorporating hydration strategies into nutritional plans can enhance overall energy levels. Pairing hydration with carbohydrate-rich foods prior to skiing can provide a quick energy source, enabling skiers to maintain focus and performance throughout their training sessions.

Acknowledging that hydration needs can fluctuate based on nutritional intake is vital. A balanced diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains can improve hydration. Foods high in water content, such as cucumbers and oranges, can contribute to overall fluid intake while providing essential nutrients that support energy production.

Being mindful of hydration during meals is essential for optimal performance. Skiers should aim to drink water or electrolyte-rich beverages alongside their meals to promote adequate hydration levels. By prioritising hydration in tandem with nutrition, skiers can ensure they are well-fuelled for their training sessions, maximising their performance on the slopes.

Incorporating Hydrating Foods into Ski Training Diets

Integrating water-rich foods into meals can be a highly effective strategy for supporting overall hydration. Many fruits and vegetables contain significant water content, making them ideal choices for skiers aiming for optimal hydration. Foods such as watermelon, strawberries, and cucumbers can substantially increase daily fluid intake.

Moreover, nutrient-dense foods can enhance hydration efforts. Foods rich in electrolytes, like bananas, oranges, and spinach, help replenish lost minerals and contribute to overall hydration. Including these foods in pre-training meals can set the stage for optimal performance.

Experienced skiers often plan their meals around hydration needs, ensuring they consume a variety of hydrating foods. Smoothies, soups, and salads can serve as excellent meal options, providing both hydration and essential nutrients. By adopting a comprehensive approach to hydration and nutrition, skiers can optimise their training sessions while also supporting their overall health.

Ensuring Electrolyte Balance for Peak Performance

Maintaining an appropriate balance of electrolytes is crucial for skiers to prevent cramps and support muscle function. Essential electrolytes such as sodium, potassium, and magnesium are lost through sweat and must be replenished regularly, particularly during intense training sessions.

Skiers should aim to incorporate electrolyte-rich foods into their diets. Foods such as nuts, seeds, and dairy products can provide essential minerals that help maintain fluid balance in the body. Additionally, sports drinks and electrolyte tablets can complement dietary intake, ensuring that electrolyte levels remain stable.

Monitoring hydration levels is vital for maintaining electrolyte balance. Skiers should be vigilant about fluid intake and recognise signs of dehydration or electrolyte depletion, such as muscle cramps and fatigue. By paying close attention to both hydration and nutrition, skiers can maximise their performance while minimising the risk of injuries on the slopes.

Proactive Approaches for Hydration Monitoring

Utilising Urine Colour as a Hydration Indicator

Monitoring urine colour is one of the simplest yet most effective methods for assessing hydration levels. Aiming for urine that is pale yellow indicates proper hydration, while darker shades suggest an increased need for fluid intake. This method is particularly useful for skiers, providing a quick visual cue that can be easily checked during training.

Skiers should develop a habit of checking urine colour at various points throughout the day, not just after training. This practice can help establish a baseline for personal hydration needs and reinforce healthy hydration habits.

Additionally, skiers should be aware that certain factors, such as diet and supplements, can affect urine colour. Some vitamins can cause brighter urine, while foods like beets may temporarily alter its hue. It is crucial to consider these variables when evaluating hydration status.

Recognising Thirst Cues in Effective Hydration Management

Thirst cues should never be underestimated, as they represent the body’s natural signal for hydration. Promptly responding to feelings of thirst is essential for maintaining optimal hydration levels, especially during rigorous ski training.

Skiers should practice drinking fluids consistently, even if they do not feel thirsty. This proactive approach can help prevent dehydration, particularly in cold weather where thirst may be suppressed. Establishing a hydration schedule can reinforce the habit of consuming fluids regularly throughout the day.

Furthermore, tracking overall fluid intake can offer insights into hydration habits. Keeping a log of fluid consumption can help skiers identify patterns and areas for improvement. By remaining attentive to thirst cues and establishing strong hydration habits, skiers can enhance their performance and safety while on the slopes.

Frequently Asked Questions About Hydration in Skiing

What is the recommended water intake before skiing?

To ensure optimal hydration, aim to drink 16-20 ounces of water or sports drinks two to three hours prior to skiing.

What are the common signs of dehydration while skiing?

Dark urine, heightened thirst, headaches, and fatigue are common signs of dehydration. Monitoring these symptoms during training is essential.

Should I consume sports drinks while skiing?

Yes, sports drinks can be beneficial during skiing. They provide essential electrolytes and carbohydrates, helping to maintain hydration and energy levels.

How often should I hydrate during skiing sessions?

Skiers should aim to drink fluids at regular intervals, approximately every 30-60 minutes, particularly during breaks.

Which hydrating foods should I include in my skiing meals?

To enhance hydration, incorporate water-rich foods such as fruits (e.g., watermelon, oranges) and vegetables (e.g., cucumbers, leafy greens) into meals.

Can I solely rely on thirst to determine my hydration needs while skiing?

While thirst is a useful indicator, it is advisable to proactively monitor hydration levels and drink fluids regularly, especially in cold weather.

How does altitude impact hydration needs while skiing?

The body loses fluid more rapidly at higher altitudes, necessitating increased hydration efforts. Aim to drink more water and electrolyte-rich fluids when skiing at elevation.

What are the best strategies for staying hydrated in cold weather?

To ensure easy access to fluids during cold-weather training, use insulated water bottles, consume warm fluids, and carry hydration packs.

What is the significance of electrolytes in hydration?

Electrolytes are vital for maintaining fluid balance, muscle function, and preventing cramps. Regularly replenishing electrolytes can enhance the effectiveness of hydration.

How can I effectively monitor my hydration status?

To ensure optimal hydration throughout the day, regularly check urine colour, respond to thirst cues, and maintain a log of fluid intake.

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